AcronymH Definition
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HRIH Human-Robot Interaction Home
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HRIH Home of Registered Industrial Hygienist (Association of Professional
Industrial Hygienists)
HRIH Home of Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Rhode Island)
HRIH Home of Rhode Island Housing
HRIH Home of Right Inguinal Hernia
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梵文羅馬拼音： hrih
簡易羅馬拼音： hrih
一字咒hrih的各種字體
簡易漢字音譯： 喝立喝
一字咒hrih的各種字體
理論上，所有的種子字都可以用來建構該對應本尊的一字咒。由於hrih（(口紇)哩）是：千手觀音、大威德明王、如意輪觀音、忿怒月黶菩薩、法波羅蜜菩薩、金剛法菩薩、阿彌陀佛、青頸觀音、聖觀自在菩薩等多位的種子字，所以在漢地、日本與西藏幾乎到處可見。
The month is a unit of time, used with calendars, which is approximately as
extensive as some natural period related to the motion of the Moon. The
traditional concept arose with the cycle of moon phases; such months (lunations)
are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days. From excavated tally
sticks, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the
Moon's phases as early as the Paleolithic age. Synodic months are still the
basis of many calendars today.
Astronomical background
The motion of the Moon in its orbit is very complicated and its period is not
constant. Moreover, many cultures (most notably those using the ancient Hebrew
(Jewish) calendar and the Islamic calendar) start a month with the first
appearance of the thin crescent of the new moon after sunset over the western
horizon. The date and time of this actual observation depends on the exact
geographical longitude as well as latitude, atmospheric conditions, the visual
acuity of the observers, etc. Therefore the beginning and lengths of months in
these calendars can not be accurately predicted. Most Jews currently follow a
precalculated calendar, but the Karaites rely on actual moon observations.
Sidereal month
The period of the Moon's orbit as defined with respect to the celestial sphere
is known as a sidereal month because it is the time it takes the Moon to return
to a given position among the stars (Latin: sidus): 27.321661 days (27 d 7 h 43
min 11.5 s). This type of month has been observed among cultures in the Middle
East, India, and China in the following way: they divided the sky into 27 or 28
lunar mansions, defined by asterisms (apparent groups of stars), one for each
day of the sidereal month.
Tropical month
It is customary to specify positions of celestial bodies with respect to the
vernal equinox. Because of precession, this point moves back slowly along the
ecliptic. Therefore it takes the Moon less time to return to an ecliptic
longitude of zero than to the same point amidst the fixed stars: 27.321582 days
(27 d 7 h 43 min 4.7 s). This slightly shorter period is known as tropical
month; cf. the analogous tropical year of the Sun.
Anomalistic month
Like all orbits, the Moon's orbit is an ellipse rather than a circle. However,
the orientation (as well as the shape) of this orbit is not fixed. In
particular, the position of the extreme points (the line of the apsides: perigee
and apogee), makes a full circle (lunar precession) in about nine years. It
takes the Moon longer to return to the same apsis because it moved ahead during
one revolution. This longer period is called the anomalistic month, and has an
average length of 27.554551 days (27 d 13 h 18 min 33.2 s). The apparent
diameter of the Moon varies with this period, and therefore this type has some
relevance for the prediction of eclipses (see Saros), whose extent, duration,
and appearance (whether total or annular) depend on the exact apparent diameter
of the Moon. The apparent diameter of the full moon varies with the full moon
cycle which is the beat period of the synodic and anomalistic month, and also
the period after which the apsides point to the Sun again.
Draconic month
Also called the nodical month. The orbit of the moon lies in a plane that is
tilted with respect to the plane of the ecliptic: it has an inclination of about
five degrees. The line of intersection of these planes defines two points on the
celestial sphere: the ascending node, when the moon's path crosses the ecliptic
as the moon moves into the northern hemisphere, and descending node when the
moon's path crosses the ecliptic as the moon moves into the southern hemisphere.
The draconic or nodical month is the average interval between two successive
transits of the moon through its ascending node. Due to the sun's gravitational
pull on the moon, the moon's orbit gradually rotates westward on its axis, which
means the nodes gradually rotate around the earth. As a result, the time it
takes the moon to return to the same node is shorter than a sidereal month. It
lasts about 27-1/5 days (27.212220 days or 27 d 5 h 5 min 35.8 s). The plane of
the moon's orbit precesses over a full circle in about 18.6 years.
Because the moon's orbit is inclined with respect to the ecliptic, the sun,
moon, and earth are in line only when the moon is at one of the nodes. Whenever
this happens a solar or lunar eclipse is possible. The name "draconic" refers to
a mythical dragon, said to live in the nodes and eat the sun or moon during an
eclipse.
Synodic month
This is the average period of the Moon's revolution with respect to the sun. The
synodic month is responsible for the moon phases because the Moon's appearance
depends on the position of the Moon with respect to the Sun as seen from the
Earth. While the moon is orbiting the earth, the Earth is progressing in its
orbit around the Sun. This means that after completing a sidereal month the Moon
must move a little farther to reach the new position of the Earth with respect
to the Sun. This longer period is called the synodic month from the Greek syn
hodô (σὺν ὁδῴ), meaning "with the way [of the sun]". Because of the
perturbations of the orbits of the Earth and Moon, the actual time between
lunations may range from about 29.27 to about 29.83 days. The long-term average
duration is 29.530588 days (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.8 s). The synodic month is used
in the Metonic cycle.
Month lengths
Here is a list of the average length of the various astronomical lunar months
[1]. These are not constant, so a first-order (linear) approximation of the
secular change is provided:
Valid for the epoch J2000.0 (1 Jan. 2000 12:00 TT):
sidereal month 27.321661547 + 0.000000001857 × y days
tropical month 27.321582241 + 0.000000001506 × y days
anomalistic month 27.554549878 − 0.000000010390 × y days
draconic month 27.212220817 + 0.000000003833 × y days
synodic month 29.530588853 + 0.000000002162 × y days
Note: time expressed in Ephemeris Time (more precisely Terrestrial Time) with
days of 86,400 SI seconds. y is years since the epoch (2000), expressed in
Julian years of 365.25 days. Note that for calendrical calculations, one would
probably use days measured in the time scale of Universal Time, which follows
the somewhat unpredictable rotation of the Earth, and progressively accumulates
a difference with ephemeris time called ΔT.
Calendrical consequences
For more details on this topic, see lunar calendar and lunisolar calendar.
At the simplest level, all lunar calendars are based on the approximation that 2
lunations last 59 days: a 30 day full month followed by a 29 day hollow month —
but this is only marginally accurate and quickly needs correction by using
larger cycles, or the equivalent of leap days.
Second, the synodic month does not fit easily into the year, which makes
constructing accurate, rule-based lunisolar calendars difficult. The most common
solution to this problem is the Metonic cycle, which takes advantage of the fact
that 235 lunations are approximately 19 tropical years (which add up to not
quite 6940 days). However, a Metonic calendar (such as the Hebrew calendar) will
drift against the seasons by about 1 day every 200 years.
The problems of creating reliable lunar calendars may explain why solar
calendars, having months which no longer relate to the phase of the moon, and
being based only on the motion of the sun against the sky, have generally
replaced lunar calendars for civil use in most societies.
Months in various calendars
Julian and Gregorian calendars
The Gregorian calendar, like the Julian calendar before it, has twelve months:
1. January, 31 days
2. February, 28 days, 29 in leap years, or 30 on certain occasions in related
calendars
3. March, 31 days
4. April, 30 days
5. May, 31 days
6. June, 30 days
7. July, 31 days
8. August, 31 days
9. September, 30 days
10. October, 31 days
11. November, 30 days
12. December, 31 days
One of Wikipedia's sister projects, Wiktionary, provides translations of each of
the Gregorian/Julian calendar months into a dozen or more languages.
Month-by-month links are provided here: , , , , , , , , , , , .
The average month in the Gregorian calendar has a length of 30.4167 days or
4.345 weeks in a non-leap year and 30.5 days or 4.357 weeks in a leap year.
Months existing in the Roman calendar in the past include:
* Mercedonius, an occasional month after February to realign the calendar.
* Quintilis, renamed to July in honour of Julius Caesar.
* Sextilis, renamed to August in honour of Augustus.
The famous mnemonic Thirty days hath September is the most common way of
teaching the lengths of the months in the English-speaking world.
Enlarge picture
On top of the knuckles (yellow): 31 days
Between the knuckles (blue): 30 days
February (red) has 28 or 29 days.
The knuckles of the four fingers of one's hand and the spaces between them can
be used to remember the lengths of the months. By making a fist, each month will
be listed as one proceeds across the hand. All months landing on a knuckle are
31 days long and those landing between them are not. When the knuckle of the
index finger is reached (July), go back to the first knuckle (or over to the
first knuckle on the other fist, held next to the first) and continue with
August. This physical mnemonic has been taught to primary school students for
many decades.[2][3][4][5]
Calends, nones, and ides
The ides occur on the thirteenth day in eight of the months, but in March, May,
July, and October, they occur on the fifteenth. The nones always occur 8 days
before the ides, i.e., on the fifth or the seventh. The calends are always the
first day of the month.
French Republican calendar
This calendar was proposed during the French Revolution, and used by the French
government for about twelve years from late 1793. There were twelve months of 30
days each, grouped into three ten-day weeks called décades. The five or six
extra days needed to approximate the tropical year were placed after the months
at the end of each year. A period of four years ending on a leap day was to be
called a Franciade. It began at the autumn equinox:
* Autumn:
1. Vendémiaire
2. Brumaire
3. Frimaire
* Winter:
1. Nivôse
2. Pluviôse
3. Ventôse
* Spring:
1. Germinal
2. Floréal
3. Prairial
* Summer:
1. Messidor
2. Thermidor
3. Fructidor
Islamic calendar
There are also twelve months in the Islamic calendar. They are named as follows:
1. Muharram ul Haram (or shortened to Muharram) محرّ?
2. Safar صف?
3. Rabi`-ul-Awwal (Rabi' I) ربيع الأو?
4. Rabi`-ul-Akhir (or Rabi` al-Tיhaany) (Rabi' II) ربيع الآخر أو ربيع الثان?
5. Jumaada-ul-Awwal (Jumaada I) جمادى الأو?
6. Jumaada-ul-Akhir (or Jumaada al-THaany) (Jumaada II) جمادى الآخر أو جمادى
الثان?
7. Rajab رج?
8. Sha'aban شعبا?
9. Ramadhan رمضا?
10. Shawwal شوّا?
11. Dhul Qadah (or Thw al-Qi`dah) ذو القعدة
12. Dhul Hijja (or Thw al-Hijjah) ذو الحج?
Hebrew Calendar
The Hebrew calendar has 12 or 13 months.
1. Nisan, 30 days ניס?
2. Iyyar, 29 days איי?
3. Sivan, 30 days סיו?
4. Tammuz, 29 days תמו?
5. Av, 30 days א?
6. Elul, 29 days אלו?
7. Tishri, 30 days תשר?
8. Heshvan, 29/30 days חשו?
9. Kislev, 29/30 days כסל?
10. Tevet, 29 days טב?
11. Shevat, 30 days שב?
12. Adar 1, 30 days, intercalary month אדר ?
13. Adar 2, 29 days אדר ?
Adar 1 is only added 7 times in 19 years. In ordinary years, Adar 2 is simply
called Adar.
Hindu Calendar
The Hindu Calendar has various systems of naming the months. The months in the
lunar calendar are:
1. Chaitra
2. Vaishaakha
3. Jyaishtha
4. Aashaadha
5. Shraavana
6. Bhaadrapada
7. Aashvayuja
8. Kaartika
9. Maargashiirsha
10. Pausha
11. Maagha
12. Phaalguna
These are also the names used in the Indian national calendar for the newly
redefined months.
The names in the solar calendar are just the names of the zodiac sign in which
the sun travels. They are
1. Mesha
2. Vrishabha
3. Mithuna
4. Kataka
5. Simha
6. Kanyaa
7. Tulaa
8. Vrishcika
9. Dhanus
10. Makara
11. Kumbha
12. Miina
Tamil calendar
1. Chitirai
2. Vaikasi
3. Aani
4. Aadi
5. Aavani
6. Purratasi
7. Aiypasi
8. Kaarthigai
9. Maargazhi
10. Thai
11. Maasi
12. Panguni
Iranian/Persian calendar
The Iranian / Persian calendar, currently used in Iran and Afghanistan, also has
12 months. The Persian names are included in the parentheses.
1. Farvardin (فروردین), 31 days
2. Ordibehesht (اردیبهشت), 31 days
3. Khordad (خرداد), 31 days
4. Tir (تیر), 31 days
5. Mordad (مرداد), 31 days
6. Shahrivar (شهریور), 31 days
7. Mehr (مهر), 30 days
8. Aban (آبان), 30 days
9. Azar (آذر), 30 days
10. Dey (دی), 30 days
11. Bahman (بهمن), 30 days
12. Esfand (اسفند), 29 days, 30 in leap years
Icelandic/Old Norse calendar
The old Icelandic calendar is not in official use anymore, but some holidays and
annual feasts are still calculated according to it in Iceland. It has 12 months,
broken down into two groups of six often termed "winter months" and "summer
months". The calendar is peculiar in that the months always start on the same
weekday rather than on the same date. Hence Ţorri always starts on a Friday
sometime between January 19 and January 25 (Old style: January 9 to January 15)
, Góa always starts on a Sunday between February 18 and February 24 (Old style:
February 8 to February 14).
* Skammdegi ("Short days")
1. Gormánuđur (mid October - mid November, "slaughter month" or "Gór's month")
2. Ýlir (mid November - mid December, "Yule month")
3. Mörsugur (mid December - mid January, "fat sucking month")
4. Ţorri (mid January - mid February, "frozen snow month")
5. Góa (mid February - mid March, "Góa's month, see Nór")
6. Einmánuđur (mid March - mid April, "lone" or "single month")
* Náttleysi ("Nightless days")
1. Harpa (mid April - mid May, Harpa is a female name, probably a forgotten
goddess, first day of Harpa is celebrated as Sumardagurinn fyrsti - first day of
summer)
2. Skerpla (mid May - mid June, another forgotten goddess)
3. Sólmánuđur (mid June - mid July, "sun month")
4. Heyannir (mid July - mid August, "hay business month")
5. Tvímánuđur (mid August - mid September, "two" or "second month")
6. Haustmánuđur (mid September - mid October, "autumn month")
Human-robot interaction Homepage
Human-robot interaction (HRI) is the study of interactions between people
(users) and robots. HRI is multidisciplinary with contributions from the fields
of human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence, robotics, natural
language understanding, and social science (psychology, cognitive science,
anthropology, and human factors).
Robots are, or soon will be, used in such critical domains as search and rescue,
military battle, mine and bomb detection, scientific exploration, law
enforcement, entertainment, and hospital care. Such robots must coordinate their
behaviors with the requirements and expectations of human team members; they are
more than mere tools but rather quasi-team members whose tasks have to be
integrated with those of humans.
The basic goal of HRI is to develop principles and algorithms to allow more
natural and effective communication and interaction between humans and robots.
Research ranges from how humans will work with remote, tele-operated unmanned
vehicles to peer-to-peer collaboration with anthropomorphic robots. Many in the
field of HRI study how humans collaborate and interact and use those studies to
motivate how robots should interact with humans.
Origins
Human-robot interaction has been a topic of both science fiction and academic
speculation even before any robots existed. Because HRI depends on a knowledge
of (sometimes natural) human communication, many aspects of HRI are
continuations of human communications topics that are much older than robotics
per se.
Properties
In Bartneck and Okada's paper "Robotic User Interfaces", it was suggested that a
robotic user interface can be described by the following four properties:
* Tool - Toy Scale
Is the system designed to solve a problem effectively or is it just for
entertainment?
* Remote Control - Autonomous Scale
Does the robot require remote control or is it capable of action without direct
human influence?
* Reactive - Dialogue Scale
Does the robot rely on a fixed interaction pattern or is it able to have
dialogue--exchange of information--with a human?
* Anthropomorphism Scale
Does it have the shape or properties of a human?
Aspects/topics
HRI topics can be indexed by the involved disciplines, the types and
configurations of robots that are involved, or the intended application. These
topics overlap.
By discipline
* Haptics
* Automatic speech recognition
* Gesture recognition
* Dialog management
* Face recognition
* Linguistics
* Multi-modal fusion
* Multi-modal fission
* Telematics
* Human-computer interaction
* Artificial intelligence
* Human-robot collaboration
* Computer-supported collaborative work
By robot type/configuration
* Autonomous robots
* Mobile robots
* Humanoid robots
* Robot Teams
* Robot simulations
By application
* Healthcare
* Field Robotics
* Hospitality
* Manufacturing
* Search
* Entertainment
* Home Appliance
RuneScape has often been one of
the top massive online role playing games. It is a unique game. But, with a
unique game, comes unique players. Players get bored, and then try to develop
cheats....autos or bots that will help them achieve success in their beloved
games of Runescape 2.
RuneScape is a virtual world which
is divided into two part: Members Areas and Non-Members areas. People who pay to
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free areas. The members' places are much larger, offer "better" items for the
gameplay of rs2, and much, much more. The character that you create when you
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2 is an RPG (Role playing game), there is no set path a person must take to play
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Of
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Trik.com continues IJFG.com's
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With the rising popularity of
commercial MMORPG games came the desire from ardent players of these games to
run their own servers beside the ones run by the game's creator. Since the
original server software is not usually available, the behavior of the server
has to be re-engineered. This can be done by analyzing the data stream with the
original server, or by disassembling and analyzing the client which is
available.
Ultima Online was one of the first
large MMORPGs. Due to its openness in implementation, server emulators arose
very quickly, even during the beta stage of development. The destination to
which the client connects was changeable by simply editing a text file. In beta
stage the client-server data stream was not encrypted yet. The term server
emulator became known through Ultima Online server reimplementation such as UOX,
which was the pioneer. Many forks and reimplementations followed UOX, because
its source code was released under the GNU General Public License relatively
early. RunUO is today the most widely used UO-server emulator. After RuneScape
implemented anti-cheating measures, many gamers left and started their own
private servers. The best place to discuss the private server is at
Trik- The Master of Private Server.
Another useful site is
Rune Web ruwb.com . This site is about more serious RuneScape gold trading,
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A defining moment in internet
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Contact Information
Call our office today to set up an appointment. Learn more about how we can
help you, and learn more about the other services that we can offer you. All
messages we receive will be answered as soon as possible. We look forward to
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